A Tale Of Two Cities

Starring: Chris Sarandon, Alice Krige

The Red Baron

Starring: Matthias Schweighöfer, Joseph Fiennes, Til Schweiger, Lena Headey

15 Famous Muslim Scientists and Their Inventions

Abu Nasr Al-Farabi (872 – 950)

Also known as Alpharabius. Arab scientist and philosopher, considered as one of the preeminent thinkers of medieval era.

Al-Battani (858 – 929)

Also known as Albatenius. Arab mathematician, scientists and astronomer who improved existing values for the length of the year and of the seasons.

Ibn Sina (980 – 1037)

Also known as Avicenna. Persian philosopher and scientist known for his contributions to Aristotelian philosophy and medicine.

Ibn Battuta (1304 – 1369)

Also known as Shams ad–Din. Arab traveler and scholar who wrote one of the most famous travel books in history, the Rihlah.

Ibn Rushd (1126 – 1198)

Also known as Averroes. Arab philosopher and scholar who produced a series of summaries and commentaries on most of Aristotle’s works and on Plato’s Republic.

Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi (780 – 850)

Also known as Algoritmi or Algaurizin. His works introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals and the concepts of algebra into European mathematics.

Omar Khayyam (1048 – 1131)

Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet, known for his scientific achievements and Rubaiyat (“quatrains”).

Thabit ibn Qurra (826 – 901)

Also known as Thebit. Arab mathematician, physician and astronomer; who was the first reformer of the Ptolemaic system and the founder of statics.

Abu Bakr Al-Razi (865 – 925)

Also known as Rhazes. Persian alchemist and philosopher, who was one of the greatest physicians in history.

Jabir Ibn Haiyan (722 – 804)

Also known as Geber. The father of Arab chemistry known for his highly influential works on alchemy and metallurgy.

Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (801 – 873)

Also known as Alkindus. Arab philosopher and scientist, who is known as the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers.

Ibn Al-Haytham (965 – 1040)

Also known as Alhazen. Arab astronomer and mathematician known for his important contributions to the principles of optics and the use of scientific experiments.

Ibn Zuhr (1091 – 1161)

Also known as Avenzoar. Arab physician and surgeon, known for his influential book Al-Taisir Fil-Mudawat Wal-Tadbeer (Book of Simplification Concerning Therapeutics and Diet).

Ibn Khaldun (1332 – 1406)

Arab historiographer and historian who developed one of the earliest nonreligious philosophies of history. Often considered as one of the forerunners of modern historiography, sociology and economics.

Ibn Al-Baitar (1197 – 1248)

Arab scientist, botanist and physician who systematically recorded the discoveries made by Islamic physicians in the Middle Ages.

Source: Famous Scientists

Muslim Inventions That Shaped The Modern World

In 9th century Spain, Muslim inventor Abbas ibn Firnas designed a flying machine -- hundreds of years before da Vinci drew plans of his own.

1. Surgery

Around the year 1,000, the celebrated doctor Al Zahrawi published a 1,500 page illustrated encyclopedia of surgery that was used in Europe as a medical reference for the next 500 years. Among his many inventions, Zahrawi discovered the use of dissolving cat gut to stitch wounds -- beforehand a second surgery had to be performed to remove sutures. He also reportedly performed the first caesarean operation and created the first pair of forceps.

2. Coffee

Now the Western world's drink du jour, coffee was first brewed in Yemen around the 9th century. In its earliest days, coffee helped Sufis stay up during late nights of devotion. Later brought to Cairo by a group of students, the coffee buzz soon caught on around the empire. By the 13th century it reached Turkey, but not until the 16th century did the beans start boiling in Europe, brought to Italy by a Venetian trader.

3. Flying Machine

"Abbas ibn Firnas was the first person to make a real attempt to construct a flying machine and fly," said Hassani. In the 9th century he designed a winged apparatus, roughly resembling a bird costume. In his most famous trial near Cordoba in Spain, Firnas flew upward for a few moments, before falling to the ground and partially breaking his back. His designs would undoubtedly have been an inspiration for famed Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci's hundreds of years later, said Hassani.

4. University

In 859 a young princess named Fatima al-Firhi founded the first degree-granting university in Fez, Morocco. Her sister Miriam founded an adjacent mosque and together the complex became the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University. Still operating almost 1,200 years later, Hassani says he hopes the center will remind people that learning is at the core of the Islamic tradition and that the story of the al-Firhi sisters will inspire young Muslim women around the world today.

5. Algebra

The word algebra comes from the title of a Persian mathematician's famous 9th century treatise "Kitab al-Jabr Wa l-Mugabala" which translates roughly as "The Book of Reasoning and Balancing." Built on the roots of Greek and Hindu systems, the new algebraic order was a unifying system for rational numbers, irrational numbers and geometrical magnitudes. The same mathematician, Al-Khwarizmi, was also the first to introduce the concept of raising a number to a power.

6. Optics

"Many of the most important advances in the study of optics come from the Muslim world," says Hassani. Around the year 1000 Ibn al-Haitham proved that humans see objects by light reflecting off of them and entering the eye, dismissing Euclid and Ptolemy's theories that light was emitted from the eye itself. This great Muslim physicist also discovered the camera obscura phenomenon, which explains how the eye sees images upright due to the connection between the optic nerve and the brain.

7. Music

Muslim musicians have had a profound impact on Europe, dating back to Charlemagne tried to compete with the music of Baghdad and Cordoba, according to Hassani. Among many instruments that arrived in Europe through the Middle East are the lute and the rahab, an ancestor of the violin. Modern musical scales are also said to derive from the Arabic alphabet.

8. Toothbrush

According to Hassani, the Prophet Mohammed popularized the use of the first toothbrush in around 600. Using a twig from the Meswak tree, he cleaned his teeth and freshened his breath. Substances similar to Meswak are used in modern toothpaste.

9. The Crank

Many of the basics of modern automatics were first put to use in the Muslim world, including the revolutionary crank-connecting rod system. By converting rotary motion to linear motion, the crank enables the lifting of heavy objects with relative ease. This technology, discovered by Al-Jazari in the 12th century, exploded across the globe, leading to everything from the bicycle to the internal combustion engine.

10. Hospitals

"Hospitals as we know them today, with wards and teaching centers, come from 9th century Egypt," explained Hassani. The first such medical center was the Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital, founded in 872 in Cairo. Tulun hospital provided free care for anyone who needed it -- a policy based on the Muslim tradition of caring for all who are sick. From Cairo, such hospitals spread around the Muslim world.

By Olivia Sterns

1. The Numeral System

Many Westerners, Germans in particular, are proud of their feats of technology and engineering. But where would engineers be without numbers? The numeral system of 1 to 9 which we use today dates back to the “House of Wisdom” in Baghdad. It is thought that our numeral system was invented there in the ninth century AD.

The numerals became known to Europe in the twelfth century, when British Arabist Robert of Chester translated the writings of Arab scholar Al-Khwarizmi. Al-Khwarizmi, for whom algorithms are named, is known as the developer of modern algebra -- yet another invention from the Muslim world.

2. The Guitar

The guitar, as we know it today, has its origins in the Arabic oud – a lute with a bent neck. During the Middle Ages, it found its way to Muslim Spain, where it was referred to as “qitara” in the Arabic of Andalusia.

It is said that a music teacher brought one to the court of the Umayyad ruler Abdel Rahman II in the ninth century. The modern guitar developed as a result of many influences, but the Arabic lute was its most important predecessor.

3. Magnifying Glass/Glasses

Not only did the Arab world revolutionize mathematics – it also revolutionized optics. The scholar Alhazen (Abu al-Hasan) from Basra was the first person to describe how the eye works.

He carried out experiments with reflective materials and proved that the eye does not sense the environment with “sight rays,” as scientists had believed up until then. He also discovered that curved glass surfaces can be used for magnification.

His glass “reading stones” were the first magnifying glasses. It was from these that glasses were later developed. Furthermore, Alhazen wrote important scholarly texts on astronomy and meteorology.

By Sebastian Christ

• Bridge Mill: The bridge mill was a unique type of watermill that was built as part of the superstructure of a bridge. The earliest record of a bridge mill is from Córdoba, Spain in the 12th century.
• Vertical-Axle windmill: A small wind wheel operating an organ is described as early as the 1st century AD by Hero of Alexandria. The first vertical-axle windmills were eventually built in Sistan, Persia as described by Muslim geographers. These windmills had long verticaldriveshafts with rectangle shaped blades. They may have been constructed as early as the time of the second Rashidun caliph Umar (634-644 AD), though some argue that this account may have been a 10th-century amendment. Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind corn and draw up water, and used in the gristmilling and sugarcane industries. Horizontal axle windmills of the type generally used today, however, were developed in Northwestern Europe in the 1180s.

Mercuric chloride (formerly corrosive sublimate): used to disinfect wounds

Early Torpedoes: Syrian Al-Hassan er-Rammah's manuscript "The Book of Fighting on Horseback and With War Engines"(1280) includes the first known design for a rocket driven torpedo.

Lute: while pre-Islamic Arabs had similar instruments, the Lute is thought to have been invented in the 11th century, and spread from Iraq to other areas under Muslim provinces

Albarello: An albarello is a type of maiolica earthenware jar originally designed to hold apothecaries' ointments and dry drugs. The development of this type of pharmacy jar had its roots in the Islamic Middle East.

Fritware: It refers to a type of pottery which was first developed in the Near East, where production is dated to the late 1st millennium AD through the second millennium AD Frit was a significant ingredient. A recipe for "fritware" dating to c. 1300 AD written by Abu’l Qasim reports that the ratio of quartz to "frit-glass" to white clay is 10:1:1. This type of pottery has also been referred to as "stonepaste" and "faience" among other names. A 9th-century corpus of "proto-stonepaste" from Baghdad has "relict glass fragments" in its fabric.

Hispano-Moresque ware: This was a style of Islamic pottery created in Islamic Spain, after the Moors had introduced two ceramic techniques to Europe: glazingwith an opaque white tin-glaze, and painting in metallic lusters. Hispano-Moresque ware was distinguished from the pottery of Christendom by the Islamic character of its decoration.

Iznik pottery: Produced in Ottoman Turkey as early as the 15th century AD It consists of a body, slip, and glaze, where the body and glaze are "quartz-frit."The "frits" in both cases "are unusual in that they contain lead oxide as well assoda"; the lead oxide would help reduce the thermal expansion coefficient of the ceramic. Microscopic analysis reveals that the material that has been labeled "frit" is "interstitial glass" which serves to connect the quartz particles.

Lusterware: Lustre glazes were applied to pottery in Mesopotamia in the 9th century; the technique soon became popular in Persia and Syria. Earlier uses of lustre are known.

Tin-glazing: The tin-glazing of ceramics was invented by Muslim potters in 8th-century Basra, Iraq. The first examples of this technique can be found as blue-painted ware in 8th-century Basra. The oldest fragments found to-date were excavated from the palace of Samarra about fifty miles north of Baghdad.

Cryptanalysis and frequency analysis: In cryptology, the first known recorded explanation of cryptanalysis was given by 9th-century Arabian polymath, Al-Kindi(also known as "Alkindus" in Europe), in A Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages. This treatise includes the first description of the method of frequency analysis.

Source: Wikipedia

Cutting edge! Countless surgical instruments in a modern medical theater were brought to us by Al Zahrawi (Father of Modern Surgery). Thanks to his monkey nibbling on his lute string, the Muslim doc discovered that catgut used for internal stitches would dissolve naturally and could also make medicine capsules.


Renowned for stunning calligraphy, it should come as no surprise that the fountain pen was developed in in the Arab world. The demanding Sultan of Egypt Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah insisted that his minions create a pen that wouldn’t cause ink stains. And the fountain pen was born, making your handwriting look more beautiful since 953 AD.


Ahh pay day - well known instigators of reckless spending, we have the ancient Arabs to thank for our monthly cheques. The first recorded instance of a written pledge for goods instead of cash comes from the Arabic saqq. Although somewhat obsolete in the world of PIN codes, their legacy will remain.


Since cleanliness is a central part of the Quran, it should come as no surprise that soap originates from the region. Keeping greasy hair and smelly pits at bay for centuries, Muslim brainboxes as early as 2800 B.C. were working up a lather in Babylon. Perhaps the most useful invention of all time, wouldn't you say?


With scorching temperatures and a plethora of desert creepy crawlies, it’s no wonder that the Arabs devised the first vaccinations. Muslim Indians brewed a successful vaccination for smallpox as early as 1000 BC but it wasn’t until the wife of the British ambassador in Turkey began exporting it to Europe in 1724 that it went viral.


Although the Chinese are credited with inventing saltpetre gunpowder, the Arabs figured out that the saltpetre gunpowder can be purified using potassium nitrate. In the 15th century, Arabs invented a rocket which they called a “self-moving and combustion egg”, and they called the torpedo a “self-propelled pear-shaped bomb”.


Islamic architecture is known to be the first style of architecture to adopt pointed arches. Europe’s gothic architecture later borrowed this characteristics for their cathedrals. The Middle East itself has moved out of its gothic teenage phase and, as shown by the Gulf, is now into opulent buildings like the Burj Al Khalifa in Dubai.


As the world goes camera crazy and snaps up selfies, let’s remember who we should thank for Kodak moments! Ibn al-Haytham, the “father of optics,” was the first person to realise that light enters through the eye and with this knowledge, he crafted the first pinhole camera. The world has been anything but camera-shy since.


Source: Al-Bawaba

The Egyptian

Starring: Edmund Purdom, Victor Mature, Jean Simmons, Gene Tierney, Michael Wilding, Bella Darvi, Peter Ustinov, Tommy Rettig

The Horo

Courtesy Of: Ancient Discoveries, Collection 09 of 18, Ancient Special Forces

300: Rise Of an Empire

Starring: Sullivan Stapleton, Eva Green, Lena Headey, Hans Matheson, Rodrigo Santoro

NEW WORLD ORDER PLEDGED TO JEWS

NEW WORLD ORDER PLEDGED TO JEWS; Arthur Greenwood of British War Cabinet Sends Message of Assurance Here RIGHTING OF WRONGS SEEN English Rabbi Delivers to Dr. S.S. Wise New Statement on Question After War

In the first public declaration on the Jewish question since the outbreak of the war, Arthur Greenwood, member without portfolio in the British War Cabinet, assured the Jews of the United States that when victory was achieved an effort would be made to found a new world order based on the ideals of "justice and peace."

Mongol: The Rise Of Genghis Khan

Starring:

Tadanobu Asano as Temüjin
Sun Honglei as Jamukha
Chuluuny Khulan as Börte
Amadu Mamadakov as Targutai

The Art Of War

Chapter Summary:

1. Detail Assessment and Planning (Chinese: 始計，始计) explores the five fundamental factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership and management) and seven elements that determine the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the state and must not be commenced without due consideration.
2. Waging War (Chinese: 作戰，作战) explains how to understand the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly. This section advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and conflict.
3. Strategic Attack (Chinese: 謀攻，谋攻) defines the source of strength as unity, not size, and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in any war. In order of importance, these critical factors are: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Army and Cities.
4. Disposition of the Army (Chinese: 軍形，军形) explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
5. Forces (Chinese: 兵勢，兵势) explains the use of creativity and timing in building an army's momentum.
6. Weaknesses and Strengths (Chinese: 虛實，虚实) explains how an army's opportunities come from the openings in the environment caused by the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battlefield over a given area.
7. Military Maneuvers (Chinese: 軍爭，军争) explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
8. Variations and Adaptability (Chinese: 九變，九变) focuses on the need for flexibility in an army's responses. It explains how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully.
9. Movement and Development of Troops (Chinese: 行軍，行军) describes the different situations in which an army finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories, and how to respond to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
10. Terrain (Chinese: 地形) looks at the three general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the six types of ground positions that arise from them. Each of these six field positions offer certain advantages and disadvantages.
11. The Nine Battlegrounds (Chinese: 九地) describes the nine common situations (or stages) in a campaign, from scattering to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander will need in order to successfully navigate them.
12. Attacking with Fire (Chinese: 火攻) explains the general use of weapons and the specific use of the environment as a weapon. This section examines the five targets for attack, the five types of environmental attack and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
13. Intelligence and Espionage (Chinese: 用間，用间) focuses on the importance of developing good information sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them

WithOut Peer

My one, my soul without peer,
Most beautiful of all!
Rising like the morning star
At the start of a happy year.
Shining bright, fair of skin,
Lovely the look of her eyes,
Sweet the speech of her lips,
She has not a word too much.
Upright neck, shining breast,
Hair true Lapis Lazuli;
Arms surpassing gold,
Fingers like lotus buds.
Heavy thighs, narrow waist,
Her legs parade her beauty;
With graceful step she treads the ground,
Captures my heart by her movements.
She causes all men’s necks
To turn about to see her;
Joy has he whom she embraces,
When she steps outside she seems like the Sun!

Photo by: Doctor-Honesty
Photo title: I Adore You
Description: Unedited Photo-shoot of a 10 inch statue of the God Osiris and his wife Isis.

Poem Name: WithOut Peer
Description: Ancient Egyptian Love Poem
Poem provided by: CZ

The Mystery Of The Cocaine Mummies

Partial Transcript Below: 

In the 21st dynasty of the Pharaos, 3,000 years ago, there took place one night at a temple, the funeral of Henut Taui - the Lady of the Two lands.

Compared to the great rulers of Egypt, her burial was a modest affair. But just like the Pharaos, she too was mummified, and her body placed in the depths of a desert tomb, in the belief it would give her immortality.

German scientist, Dr Svetla Balabanova, made a discovery which was to baffle Egyptologists, and call into question whole areas of science and archeology to chemistry and botany.

She discovered that the body of Henut Taui contained large quantities of cocaine and nicotine. The surprise was not just that the ancient Egyptians had taken drugs, but that these drugs come from tobacco and coca, plants completly unknown outside the Americas, unheard of until Sir Walter Raleigh introduced smoking from the New World, or until cocaine was imported in the Victorian era.

It was seemingly impossible for the ancient Egyptians to get hold of these substances.

For thousands of years people in the Andes have been chewing coca leaves, to get out the cocaine with it's stimulant, anaesthetic and euphoric properties. There are actually species of the coca family which grow in Africa, but only the South American species has ever been shown to contain the drug.

DR SVETLA BALABANOVA - Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ulm: 
"The cocaine of course remains an open question. It's a mystery - it's completely unclear how cocaine could get into Africa. On the other hand, we know there were trade relationships long before Columbus, and it's conceivable that the coca plant had been imported into Egypt even then."

NARRATOR:
Was it possible that coca - a plant from South America had been finding it's way to Egypt 3,000 years ago?

If the cocaine found in mummies could not be explained by contamination, or fake mummies or by Egyptian plants containing it, there appeared to be only one remaining possibility... An international drug trade who's links extended all the way to the Americas.

NARRATOR: 
But on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, where the moving current of the Gulf Stream arrives in Mexico directly from the west coast of Africa, there is a professionally-employed anthropologist who does seriously beleive in such possibilities.

PROF ALICE KEHOE - Anthropologist, Marquette University: 
"I think there is good evidence that there was both trans-atlantic and trans-pacific travel before Columbus." 

But the idea that the ability of the ancients to cross the oceans might have been underestimated continues to be quietly whispered about. Over the years evidence has grown which suggests it might be time to look again at such voyages. To imagine that the Egyptians, who apparently only sailed up and down the Nile or into the Red Sea, might get as far as the Americas perhaps sounds fantastical. But in science, what is one day thought absurd, can next day become accepted as fact.

[Picture of a Norse settlement in Newfoundland]

One senior academic thinks it's important to remember that before the discovery of this Norse settlement in Newfoundland in 1965 theories about Viking voyages to America were dismissed as nonsense.

PROF MARTIN BERNAL - Historian, Cornell University: 
"What we've seen is a shift from the idea of Viking landings in America being seen as completely fantastic or partisan, to being accepted by every scholar in the field."

NARRATOR: 
The fact that evidence of the Viking crossings was hidden has encouraged Martin Bernal to contemplate even earlier voyages that are likewise dismissed as impossible.

PROF MARTIN BERNAL - Historian, Cornell University: 
"I have no reason to doubt that there were others - but what they were, and how much influence they had on American society is open to question. But that trans-oceanic voyages are possible - or were possible - seems to me to be overwhelmingly likely."

NARRATOR: 
Yet discovery of minute strands of silk found in the hair of a mummy from Luxor could suggest the trade stretching from Egypt to the Pacific. For silk at this time was only known to come from China.

PROF MARTIN BERNAL - Historian, Cornell University: 
"We're getting more and more evidence of world trade at an earlier stage. You have the Chinese silk definitely arriving in Egypt by 1000BC. I think modern scholars have a tendency to believe rigidly in progress and the idea that you could only have a worldwide trading network from the 18th century onwards, is our temporal arrogance - that it's only modern people that can do these things."

NARRATOR: 
The evidence for ancient trade with America is limited, and most of it is disputed, but it can't be completely ruled out as explaining the apparent impossibility of Balabanova's results, results that at first seemed so absurd many thought they would be explained away by a simple story of a botch-up in a lab, results that still without firm explanation continue to crop up in unexpected places.

For in Manchester, the mummies under the care of Rosalie David, the Egyptologist once so sure that Balabanova had made a mistake, produced some odd results of their own.

ROSALIE DAVID - Keeper of Egyptology, Manchester Museum: 
"We've received results back from the tests on our mummy tissue samples and two of the samples and the one hair sample both have evidence of nicotine in them. I'm really very surprised at this."

DR SVETLA BALABANOVA - Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ulm: 
"The results of the tests on the Manchester mummies have made me very happy after all these years of being accuesed of false results and contaminated results, so I was delighted to hear nicotine had been found in these mummies, and very, very happy to have this enormous confirmation of my work."

NARRATOR: 
The tale of Henut Taui shows that in science facts can be rejected if they don't fit with our beleifs while what is believed proven, may actually be uncertain.

Little wonder then, that a story that began with one scientist, a few mummies and some routine tests, in no time at all could upset whole areas of knowledge we thought we could take for granted.

Jerusalem: Jews, Muslims, Christians Living Under The Ottomans

Incredible footage of Palestine and Jerusalem from the year 1896. Muslims, Jews and Christians lived next to each other and peacefully under the auspices of the Ottoman (Uthmani) Caliphate/Empire.

1300 Years Of Islamic History In 3 Minutes

List Of Muslim Empires and Dynasties

Regional Empires

Saudi Arabia

• Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE)
• Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)
• Mahra Sultanate (774–present)
• Hamdanid dynasty (890–1004)
• Bani Assad (961–1163)
• Numayrids (990–1081 AD) (Western Iraq)^[1]
• Marwanid (990–1085)
• Uqaylid Dynasty (992–1169)
• Artuqids (11th–12th century)
• Burid dynasty (1104–1154)
• Mirdasids (1024–1080)
• Banu 'Ammar (1071–1109) Tripoli, Lebanon^[2]
• Zengid dynasty (1127–1250)
• Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1341)
• Baban (1649–1850)
• Alawite State (1920–1936)
• Hashemite Dynasty of Iraq (1921–1958)
• Hashemite Dynasty of Jordan (1921–present)
• Rashidun Caliphate (632–661 CE)
• Ziyadid dynasty (819–1018)
• Sharif of Mecca (864–1496)
• Banu Ukhaidhir (865–1066)
• Rassids (893–1970 AD)
• Sharif of Mecca (967–1925)
• Sulaihid State (1047–1138)
• Banu ZARIE (Makarama) (1083–1200)^[3][4][5]
• Banu Hatem Alhmdanyen (1098–1174)^[6][7][8][9]
• Banu Masud (Makarama) (1093–1150) from Yemen^[10]
• Ayyubid dynasty (1174–1341)
• Rasulid (1229–1454)
• Kathiri (1395–1967)
• Jabrids (15th–16th century)
• Tahiride (1454–1526)
• Sultanate of Oman (751–present)
• Qawasim Dynasty (1727–present)
• Qarmatians (900–1073)
• Uyunid dynasty (1076–1240)
• Usfurids (1253–1320 century)
• Jarwanid dynasty (1305–1487)^[11]
• Sultanate of Lahej (1728–1744/1839)
• Mahra Sultanate (18th century–1967)
• Emirate of Diriyah (1744–1818)
• House of Saud (1744–present)
• House of Al-Sabah (1752–present)
• Al Nahyan family (1761–present)
• Ajman (18th Century–present)
• Qawasim Dynasty (18th century–present)
• Umm al-Quwain (1775–present)
• Al Khalifa family (1783–present)
• Emirate of Nejd (1818–1891)
• Sultanate of Muscat and Oman (1820–1979)
• Sultanate of Zanzibar
• House of Thani (1825–present)
• Al Maktoum (1833–present)
• Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921)
• Upper Yafa (19th century–1967)
• Aden Protectorate (1869–1969)
• Sharqi Dynasty (1876–present)
• Qu'aiti (1902–1967)
• Emirate of Beihan (1903–1967)
• Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925)
• Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962)
• Mandatory Iraq (1920–1932)
• Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1926)
• Emirate of Transjordan (1921–1946)
• Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz (1926–1932)
• Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958)
• Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (1946–present)
• Arab Federation (1958)
• Federation of Arab Emirates of the South (1959–1962)
• Federation of South Arabia (1962–1967)
• Protectorate of South Arabia (1963–1967)

Iranian Plateau and South Caucasus

• Shirvanshah (799–1579 CE)
• Dulafid dynasty (early 9th century–897)
• Samanid dynasty (819–999)
• Tahirid dynasty (821–873)
• Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
• Alavids (864–929)
• Sajids (889–929)
• Ziyarid dynasty (928–1043)
• Farighunid (late 9th–early 11th centuries)
• Ma'danids (late 9th–11th centuries)
• Ormus (10th–17th centuries)
• Buyid dynasty (934–1062)
• Sallarid (942–979)
• Shaddadid (951–1199)
• Rawadid (955–1071)
• Hasanwayhid (959–1015)
• Ghaznavids (963–1187)
• Marwanid (990–1085)
• Annazid (990–1116)
• Hadhabani (11th century)
• Seljuq dynasty (11th–14th centuries)
• Ismaili State of Alamut(Iran) (1090–1256)
• Ghurids (1148–1215)
• Hazaraspids (1148–1424)
• Khorshidi dynasty (1155–1597)
• Mihrabanids (1236–1537)
• Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
• Sarbadars (1332–1386)
• Jalayirids (1335–1432)
• Chupanids (1335–1357)
• Injuids (1335–1357)
• Muzaffarids of Iran (1335–1393)
• Timurid dynasty (1370–1526)
• Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468)
• Ak Koyunlu (1378–1508)
• Musha'sha'iyyah (1436–1729)
• Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
• Khanate of Erevan (1604–1828)
• Quba Khanate (1680–1816)
• Hotaki dynasty (1709–1738)
• Talysh Khanate (1747–1826)
• Durrani Empire (1747–1826)
• Baku Khanate
• Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
• Shaki Khanate (1743–1819)
• Ganja khanate (1747–1804)
• Karabakh Khanate (1747–1822)
• Khanate of Nakhichevan (1747–1828)
• Shirvan Khanate (1748–1820)
• Zand dynasty (1750–1794)
• Qajar dynasty (1794–1925)
• Barakzai Dynasty (1826–1973)
• Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)

Central Asia and China

• Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212 CE)
• Al Muhtaj (10th–early 11th centuries)
• Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty (1077–1231)
• Kartids (1231–1389)
• Timurid dynasty (1370–1526)
• Kazakh Khanate (1456–1731)
• Khanate of Bukhara (1500–1785)
• Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
• Khanate of Khiva (1511–1920)
• Khanate of Kokand (1709–1876)
• Jahangiri (Gabari) Dynasty (1200–1531)

South Asia

• Soomra Dynasty, Soomra (1026–1351 CE)
• House of Theemuge (1166–1388)
• Jahangiri(Gabari) Dynasty (1200–1531)
• Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi) (1206–1290)
• Khilji dynasty (1290–1320)
• Tughlaq Dynasty (1321–1398)
• Samma Dynasty (1335–1520)
• Sayyid Dynasty (1339–1561)
• Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1487)
• Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527)
• Faruqi dynasty (1382–1601)
• Hilaalee dynasty (1388–1558)
• Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat (1391–1734)
• Sharqi Dynasty (1394–1479)
• Kingdom of Mysore (1399–1947)
• Bahmani (1400–1600)
• Malwa Sultanate (1401–1561)
• Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451)
• Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)
• Bidar Sultanate (1489–1619)
• Berar Sultanate (1490–1572)
• Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)
• Arghun Dynasty (late 15th–16th centuries)
• Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
• Adil Shahi dynasty (1527–1686)
• Suri Dynasty (1540–1556)
• Arakkal (1545–18th century)
• Utheemu dynasty (1632–1692)
• Khan of Kalat (1666–1958)
• Nawab of the Carnatic (1690–1801)
• Isdhoo dynasty (1692–1704)
• Dhiyamigili dynasty (1704–1759)
• Nawab of Bhopal (1723–1947)
• Nawab of Rampur (1719–1947)
• Nawab of Awadh (1722–1858)
• Hyderabad State (1724–1948)
• Babi dynasty (1735–1947)
• Nawab of Bengal (1717–1880)
• Huraa dynasty (1759–1968)
• Tonk (princely state) (1798–1947)
• Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956)
• Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1956–present)
• Republic of Maldives (1965–present)
• Peoples Republic of Bangladesh (1971–present)
• Khairpur (princely state)
• Nagar (princely state)
• Hunza (princely state)
• Bahawalpur (princely state)
• Mirpur (princely state)
• Kalat (princely state)
• Las Bela (princely state)
• Makran (princely state)
• Kharan (princely state)
• Amb (princely state)
• Chitral (princely state)
• Dir (princely state)
• Hunza (princely state)
• Jandol (princely state)
• Nagar (princely state)
• Phulra (princely state)
• Swat (princely state)
• Yasin (princely state)
• Gilgit (princely state)
• Shanig perthawar (princely state)

South-East Asia

• Perlak (mid-9th century-13th century)
• Samudera Pasai Sultanate (1128–1285 CE).^[12]
• Bandar Kalibah.^[13]
• Moira Malaya.^[14]
• Kanto Kambar.^[15]
• Robaromun.^[16]
• Kedah Sultanate (1136–present)
• Pasai (1267–15th century)
• Brunei (14th century–present)
• Sultanate of Malacca (1402–1511)
• Pahang Sultanate (mid-15th century–present)
• Sultanate of Sulu (1450–1936)
• Sultanate of Ternate (1465–present)
• Sultanate of Demak (1475–1518)
• Aceh Sultanate (1496–1903)
• Kingdom of Maynila (1500's–1571)
• Mataram Sultanate (1500's – 1700's)
• Pattani Kingdom (1516–1771)
• Sultanate of Maguindanao (1520–c. 1800)
• Sultanate of Banten (1526–1813)
• Perak Sultanate (1528–present)
• Kingdom of Pajang (1568–1586)
• Sultanate of Terengganu (1725–present)
• Selangor Sultanate (mid-18th century–present)
• Surakarta Sunanate (1745–present)
• Yogyakarta Sultanate (1755–present)
• Kingdom of Aman (1485–1832)
• Palembang (1550–1823)
• Sultanate of Lanao (Pat a pangampong sa Ranao) (15th Century-Present) Mindanao

Turkey

• Danishmends (1071–1178 CE)
• Mengujekids (1071–1277)
• Saltukids (1072–1202)
• Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307)
• Ahlatshahs (1100–1207)
• Ayyubid dynasty (1174–1341)
• Chobanids (1227–1309)
• Karamanids (c. 1250–1487)
• Pervâneoğlu (1261–1322)
• Menteşe (c. 1261–1424)
• Ahis (c. 1380–1362)
• Hamidids (c. 1280–1374)
• Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
• Ladik (c. 1300–1368)
• Isfendiyarids (c. 1300–1461)
• Teke (1301–1423)
• Sarukhanids (1302–1410)
• Karasids (1303–1360)
• Aydinids (1307–1425)
• Eretnids (1328–1381)
• Dulkadirids (1348–c. 1525)
• Ramadanids (1352–1516)
• Hatay Devleti (1938–1939)

North Africa

• Egypt and Sudan
  • Main dynasties
    • Tulunids (868–905)
    • Ikhshidid dynasty (on behalf of the Abbasid Caliph, 935–969)
    • Fatimid dynasty (based in Ifriqiya 909–969, based in Egypt 969–1171)
    • Ayyubid dynasty (based in Egypt 1171–1250, based in Syria 1250–1341)
    • Mamluks of Egypt (Bahri Mamluks 1250–1382, Burji Mamluks 1382–1517)
    • Khedivian dynasty (1805–1952)
  • Independent kingdoms in Egyptian and Sudanese soils
    • Banu Kanz (1004–1412)^[17]
    • Sultanate of Darfur (1603–1874)

• Ifriqiya (Eastern Maghreb)
  • Ifriqiyan dynasties
    • Aghlabids (on behalf of the Abbasid Caliph, 800–909)
    • Fatimid dynasty (based in Ifriqiya 909–969, based in Egypt 969–1171)
    • Zirid dynasty (on behalf of the Fatimid Caliph 973–1048, independent 1048–1148)
    • Hafsid dynasty (1229–1574)
    • Muradid dynasty (1613–1705)
    • Husainid Dynasty (on behalf of the Ottoman Caliph 1705–1889, independent 1956–1957)
  • Independent kingdoms on Ifriqiyan soil
    • Muhallabid principality (771–793 CE)
  • Libyan dynasties (after 1551)
    • Karamanli dynasty (on behalf of the Ottoman Caliph, 1711–1835)
    • Senussi dynasty (in Cyrenaica 1918–1951, Kings of Libya 1951–1969)

• Maghreb al-Aksa (Western Maghreb)
  • Moroccan dynasties
    • Idrisid dynasty (788–974)
    • Almoravid dynasty (1040–1147)
    • Almohad dynasty (1147–1248)
    • Marinid dynasty (1244–1465)
    • Wattasid dynasty (1472–1554)
    • Saadi Dynasty (1554–1659)
    • Alaouite Dynasty (1666–present)
  • Independent kingdoms on Moroccan soil
    • Emirate of Nekor (710–1019 CE)
    • Barghawata kingdom (744–1058 CE)
    • Emirate of Sijilmasa (771–821 CE)

• Independent kingdoms on Algerian soil
  • Rustamid principality (776–909)
  • Ifranid dynasty (790–1066)
  • Hammadid dynasty (1008–1152)
  • Ziyyanid dynasty (1235–1556)

Horn Of Africa

• Sultanate of Mogadishu (10th–16th centuries)
• Ifat Sultanate (1285–1415)
• Warsangali Sultanate (1298–present)
• Adal Sultanate (c. 1415–1555)
• Walashma Dynasty (14th–16th centuries)
• Ajuran Empire (14th–17th centuries)
• Aussa Sultanate (16th century–present)
• Emirs of Harar (1647–1887)
• Mudaito dynasty (1734–present)
• Geledi sultanate (18th–19th centuries)
• Majeerteen Sultanate (mid-18th century–early 20th century)
• Kingdom of Gomma (early 19th century–1886)
• Kingdom of Jimma (1830–1932)
• Kingdom of Gumma (1840–1902)
• Sultanate of Hobyo (19th century–1925)
• Dervish State (1896–1920)

Southeast Africa

• Kilwa Sultanate (957–1513 CE)^[18]
• Pate Sultanate (1203–1870)
• Sennar (sultanate) (1523–1821)
• Sultans on the Comoros
• Sultanate of Zanzibar (1856–1964)
• Wituland (1858–1923)

Central & West Africa

• Kingdom of Nekor (710–1019 CE)
• Za Dynasty in Gao (11th century–1275)
• Sayfawa dynasty (1075–1846)
• Songhai Empire (c. 1340–1591)
• Bornu Empire (1396–1893)
• Kingdom of Baguirmi (1522–1897)
• Dendi Kingdom (1591–1901)
• Sultanate of Damagaram (1731–1851)
• Imamate of Futa Toro (1776–1861)
• Imamate of Futa Jallon (1727–1896)
• Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)
• Toucouleur Empire (1836–1890)

Europe

Sicily

• Aghlabid Sicily (827–909) CE
• Kalbids (948–1053)

Iberia

• Caliphate of Córdoba (756–1017 CE, 1023–1031)
• Taifa of Alpuente (1009–1106)
• Taifa of Badajoz (1009–1151)
• Taifa of Morón (1010–1066)
• Taifa of Toledo (1010–1085)
• Taifa of Tortosa (1010–1099)
• Taifa of Arcos (1011–1145)
• Taifa of Almería (1010–1147)
• Taifa of Denia (1010–1227)
• Taifa of Valencia (1010–1238)
• Taifa of Murcia (1011–1266)
• Taifa of Albarracín (1012–1104)
• Taifa of Zaragoza (1013–1110)
• Taifa of Granada (1013–1145)
• Taifa of Carmona (1013–1150)
• Hammudid dynasty (1016–1073)
• Taifa of Santa María de Algarve (1018–1051)
• Taifa of Mallorca (1018–1203)
• Taifa of Lisbon (1022–1093)
• Taifa of Seville (1023–1091)
• Taifa of Niebla (1023–1262)
• Taifa of Córdoba (1031–1091)
• Taifa of Mértola (1033–1151)
• Taifa of Algeciras (1035–1058)
• Taifa of Ronda (1039–1065)
• Taifa of Silves (1040–1151)
• Taifa of Málaga (1073–1239)
• Taifa of Molina (c. 1080's–1100)
• Taifa of Lorca (1228–1250)
• Taifa of Menorca (1228–1287)
• Emirate of Granada (1228–1492)

Eastern Europe & Russia

• Volga Bulgaria (7th century–1240s CE)
• Emirate of Crete (820s–961)
• Avar Khanate (early 13th–19th century)
• Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552)
• Crimean Khanate (1441–1783)
• Nogai Horde (1440s–1634)
• Qasim Khanate (1452–1681)
• Astrakhan Khanate (1466–1556)
• Khanate of Sibir (1490–1598)
• Pashalik of Scutari (1757–1831)
• House of Zogu (1928–1939)

See Also

• Caliphate
• Historical powers
• Empires
• Timeline of Middle Eastern History
• Muslim conquests
• Muslim history
• Global Empire
• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
• List of Shi'a Muslim dynasties
• Muslim World
• Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
• List of Muslim Countries
• Islamic Golden Age